A Review of Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Review of Fahrenheit 451 - Essay Example This point is brought home when there is a nuclear war that happens to Mildred and others, that nobody really knew was coming, because nobody was reading anything and staying informed. The television shows which were on tv in this alternative world were not informative at all – the entertainment on the TV is considered to be insipid and as having no depth. Therefore, even though Montag tries to talk to Mildred and her friends, it is difficult to do, as they are not interested in much of anything and only have trivial knowledge about the world and politics. So, since the people are not aware of what is going on, the government is able to do what they want to the people, and the people are not going to protest and try to stop it, because they do not know that it is about to happen. That was the point of showing the advent of the nuclear bomb at the end of the book – this shows what happens when people are not allowed to read.This is one of the themes. Another theme, of co urse, is the dangers of censorship. There seems to be issues with today's society, where there is censorship going on in places. Individuals want books taken off of school shelves because the content of the books are deemed not suitable for their children to read. Which is all well and good, except that they don't want other children to read these books either, which is not good. A parent may decide for him or herself that a certain book isn't suitable for the individual child, but this is not what they want. They want the books to be off-limit to all. Bradbury obviously does not believe in this practice, and he shows the books burning. Censorship is related to not knowing what is going on, and it is not difficult to imagine why this would be so. Because, the fact of the matter is, there is going to be content that is objectionable to somebody or another, because there is going to be aspects of life which are objectionable. But, if one shuts their eyes to what is objectionable, then the people will shut their eyes to all that is bad in the world. This, too, will result in the government being able to do what they want to the people. So, this is how censorship is bad for society, and Bradbury captures this perfectly. Therefore, the two major themes, which are related, were the dangers of censorship and the dangers of apathy. Apathy came from censorship, in part, but one gets the feeling that Mildred and her friends would be apathetic even if there wasn't censorship. Which brings the review to another aspect of Bradbury's tale which was effective, and that was characterization. Each of the characters represented some kind of archetype that would exist in such a dystopian future. They represent aspects of society which exist now in some form. Mildred and her friends, for instance, are representative of the apathetic people in society. The ones who do not care currently what is going on around them, but will memorize every episode of something insipid on televisio n. These people are legion, really, and this is what Mildred and her friends represent. Montag represents the individuals in society who try to observe law and order, but fail to do so, because the law is unjust. Montag is a fireman, who sets fire to books, which means that he was a part of the problem. Yet, he also was questioning, and eventually was the one who tries to buck society. He's active in doing this, so he represents the

Psychological Impacts of Nostalgia for People With Dementia

Psychological Impacts of Nostalgia for People With Dementia THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF NOSTALGIA FOR PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA: STUDY PROTOCOL 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1.2 Existential realities Four basic concerns that have been proposed to have great impact on the lives of all people are: death, freedom, existential isolation and meaninglessness (Yalom, 1980). Yalom (1980) argues that although people tend to neglect these four realities, they are still pervasive and influential on our lives. He offers the following explanations to these realities which he refers to as ultimate concerns. He explains that the inevitability of death is a fact of life which we are all aware of; irrespective of the fundamental human desire of existence. The central existential conflict is the strain between the realisation of the inevitability of death and the desire to continue to live. From an existential perspective, freedom refers to the lack of external structure. Paradoxical to an individual’s everyday experience, human beings do not reside in a universe that has ingrained design and is well-structured. Instead, the individual is totally the orchestrator of his or her own choices, world, actions and design. Freedom from this view implies terrifically that there is no ground beneath us. The key existential dynamic in this sense is the conflict between our encounter with groundlessness and our desire for ground and structure. As humans, our reality of freedom is evidenced from the conflict which arises from our aspiration of self-determination and our realisation of lack of support and uncertainty. This happens when one recognises the things that happen in one’s life are up to oneself. The third ultimate concern is isolation. This form of isolation from an existential sense does relate to neither interpersonal isolation (such as loneliness) nor intrapersonal isolation (such as isolation from oneself). This form of isolation refers to fundamental isolation. This means that no matter how close we are to each other, unavoidably, we are on our own. Each of us comes into existence alone and must exit from it alone. Thus, the existential conflict is the strain between our realisation of our absolute isolation and our desire for contact, protection and to be part of a larger group (Yalom, 1980). Accumulation of the three realities results in the fourth, which is, meaninglessness. In a world where there is no absolute truth and the only certainty about life is death, life tends to be meaningless. People will cling unto values and concepts in an effort to formulate meaning in life. Life essentially has no meaning if death is inevitable; if our own world is constituted by ourselves and if we are fundamentally isolated (Yalom, 1980). As Yalom (1980) elaborated, the existential dynamic conflict emerges from the impasse of a meaning-seeking creature that is put into a universe that possesses no meaning. It can be argued that although these existential realities are experienced by all human beings in one form or the other, some categories of persons are more likely to experience profound aspects of these existential threats. One of such groups of people is people with dementia. 1.1.3 Dementia: an existential threat â€Å"Dementia is an existential plight of persons and not simply a problem to be investigated and managed through technical skill† (Baldwin and Capstick, 2007; p. 117). It has been regarded as a disease of the entire person rather than a mere illness of the brain (Murray and Boyd, 2009, Passmore, Ho and Gallagher, 2012, Post, 2013, Nowell, Thornton and Simpson, 2013). With its associated health and social problems and deterioration leading to death, dementia can be perceived as a form of existential threat (Cheston, 2011). People with dementia experience changes in biographical factors. These biographical factors are the changes in later life. Whereas some people with dementia go through their illness with most of the mechanisms that previously supported them still unblemished, others go through a sequence of diminishing and disheartening changes in life with massive decline in their personal resources. Such personal resources refer to that which has been inherently developed by the person including all the consequences of social learning. These include aspects such as ways of managing crisis, loss and modifications; willingness to accept help offered by others and defense against tension or anxiety (Kitwood, 1993). Social psychological factors that make up the fabric of everyday life could enhance or diminish the sense of value, safety and personal being of the person with dementia. These have been enumerated and framed under the purview of a ‘malignant social psychology’ (Kitwood, 1990; p. 180). These include treachery, disempowerment, infantilisation, condemnation, intimidation, stigmatisation, outpacing, invalidation, banishment and objectification (Kitwood, 1990, Kitwood, 1993). Dementia as an existential threat denies a smooth adjustment into the existing self-concept of the person affected by dementia (Cheston, 2013). Cheston (2011) also argues that the threatened loss of cognitive ability for people with dementia could influence the way in which they make sense of the world and their self-esteem. He further expounds that existential realities are more prominent for people affected by dementia and can be evidenced in the subjective experiences of people with dementia. People with dementia seek for attachment (Piiparinen and Whitlatch, 2011, Van Assche et al, 2013, Osborne, Stokes and Simpson, 2010, Browne and Shlosberg, 2006, Perren et al, 2007, Stephens, Cheston and Gleeson, 2013), meaning/ purpose in life (MacKinlay and Trevitt, 2010, McGovern, 2011, McGovern, 2012, Phinney, 2011) and experience loss of identity (Eustache et al, 2013, Steeman et al, 2013, Caddell and Clare, 2012, Caddell and Clare, 2011). These could be perceived as coping mechanisms to buffer them against their encounter with existential realities. It is suggested that existential threats could have adverse effects on an individual’s self- esteem (Sabat, 2002); affect (Xu and Brucks, 2011, Van and Van, 2007); social connectedness (Mikulincer, Florian and Hirschberger, 2003); meaning in life (Sullivan, Landau and Kay, 2012, Jaarsma et al, 2007); and general wellbeing (Piiparinen and Whitlatch, 2011). Likewise, it can be argued that dementia as an existential threat has similar potential effects on people with such a condition (Baldwin and Capstick, 2007). In addition, various studies have suggested that the early stages of dementia, after receiving a diagnosis, generally cause profound psychological effects on self-esteem, meaning/ purpose in life and general psychological wellbeing (Chistopolskaya and Enikolopov, 2013, Bamford et al, 2004, Steeman et al, 2006, Husband, 1999, Husband, 2000, Vernooij-Dassen et al, 2006). 1.2 Problem statement Dementia as an existential threat has associated adverse psychological impacts for people with dementia. These include but are not limited to threats to identity Steeman et al, 2006), social connectedness (Hatch, 2013), meaning/ purpose in life (Lingler et al, 2006, Macquarrie, 2005) and general psychological wellbeing (Piiparinen and Whitlatch, 2011). Consequently, people with dementia sometimes use the recall of the past as a mechanism in an attempt to buffer the psychological effects of dementia (Bohlmeijer, Smit and Cuijpers, 2003, Woods et al, 2005). Also, conventional approaches such as reminiscence and life review activities employ the use of the past as a resource for the present to provide various psychological functions for people with dementia. However, the efficacies of these activities are still debated (Douglas, James and Ballard, 2004). For example, whereas some randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews conclude that these approaches may improve the psycholog ical wellbeing of people with dementia (Lai, Chi and Kayser-Jones, 2004, Wang, 2007, Sharif et al, 2010, Wu, 2011, Azcurra, 2012, Korte et al, 2012), others have concluded otherwise (Wang, Hsu and Cheng, 2005, Wang, Yen and OuYang, 2009, Gudex et al, 2010, Forsman, Schierenbeck and Wahlbeck, 2011, Woods et al, 2005, Woods et al, 2012). Stemming from memory decline in dementia, the merging of past experiences with the present can arguably enhance self-concept and self-esteem if the images of the past stimulate a sense of pleasure and accomplishment (Kasl-Godley and Gatz, 2000). Perhaps, the recall of the past without deliberately evoking nostalgia is not an ideal way to effectively enhance and improve the psychological equanimity of people with dementia. On the other hand, nostalgia has been proposed as a psychological buffer against existential threats (Juhl et al, 2010, Routledge et al, 2008). Juhl et al (2010) show that in mortality salience conditions, participants at low levels of nostalgia proneness show less positive responses to an identity threat, greater levels of death anxiety and lesser feelings of state nostalgia (self-esteem, social connectedness, meaning in life and affect). Routledge et al (2008) support the idea that nostalgia provides an existential function by providing a source of meaningful life experiences which people use to defend themselves against concerns about death (existential threat). Also, experimental studies with undergraduate student populations have demonstrated that induced nostalgia increases self-esteem, positive affect, social connectedness and meaning in life when compared to normal autobiographical memories (Wildschut et al, 2006, Routledge et al, 2011). However, the use of nostalgia by peopl e with dementia to provide similar desirable psychological functions is not clear (Moos and Bjorn, 2006). Nonetheless, this has not been tested among people with dementia. 1.6 Significance of the research The current research seeks to investigate whether induced nostalgia increases self-esteem, meaning/ purpose in life and social connectedness for people with dementia as it does for the general population. It also attempts to find out whether people with mild to moderate dementia differ in experiencing various psychological outcomes as a result of their degree of nostalgia proneness. This novel application of the emotion of nostalgia (currently a major area of psychological research) to people with dementia has both clinical and theoretical significance. Theoretically, with nostalgia being suggested to have positive psychological impact among the general population, we will be able to find out whether these functions extend to people with dementia. Clinically, while reminiscence therapy is frequently used with people with dementia; research findings are unclear as to whether this has any benefit. It may be that one of the factors determining whether reminiscence is of benefit is wheth er or not a nostalgic memory is evoked. By investigating this, the research may be able to shed light on the way in which nostalgia buffers the psychological challenges of living with dementia. For instance, we may be able to identify more precisely how to help people with dementia maintain a psychological equilibrium, and thereby improve their quality of life and psychological wellbeing. 2.0 PRELIMINARY LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Dementia and meaning/ purpose in life Existential psychology attempts to explain the way individuals formulate meaning in the event of an inevitable despair or threat. According to existential psychology, individuals employ various mechanisms to buffer them against existential threats in order to restore psychological balance (Greenberg, Koole and Pyszczynski, 2013). Purpose in life is an aspect of wellbeing that is well appreciated by people with dementia (Drà ¶es et al, 2006). Research shows that, even in the event of experiencing decline in cognition in a patient with dementia, the person with dementia still engages in meaning-making that covey important communication messages regarding the importance of life (Robertson, 2013). Also, people affected by dementia are usually in the quest of seeking for meaning in their lives in order to concur with their diagnosis (Lingler et al, 2006, Macquarrie, 2005). Searching for meaning in life by people with dementia is linked to the expression of establishing identity (Steeman et al, 2006). Dementia is associated with various levels of cognitive decline (Franciotti et al, 2013). Cognitive decline has been found to be associated with decline in aspects of wellbeing, specifically, purpose in life (Wilson et al, 2013). Alternatively, in advanced age, higher purpose in life causes a reduction in the effect of pathologic changes on cognitive decline for people with Alzheimer’s disease (Boyle et al, 2012). Longitudinal studies have also provided some evidence in support of some existential functions of having a greater purpose in life. Among older adults living in the community, greater purpose in life has been found to have significant associations with a reduction in risk of disability (Boyle, Buchman and Bennett, 2010), mortality (Boyle et al, 2009), Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment (Geda, 2010, Boyle et al, 2010).

The Death March Essay -- War, World War II

Plan of Investigation A tactic used in past wars, and also categorized as a war crime, is known as the death march. These marches have often been criticized for being inhumane, and forcing enemy soldiers into â€Å"conditions primitive and unsanitary.† (51 Allen) Both of the death marches studied in this historical investigation occurred in World War II. The first is the Bataan Death March, inflicted upon Americans and Filipinos by the Japanese. The second case studied will be the forced movement of â€Å"undesirables† (i.e. Jews, Homosexuals, blacks, gypsies, etc.) in the numerous Nazi death marches. How and why did the reasons and strategies for the Bataan Death March compare with those of the Nazi death marches? Both cases will be summarized and then analyzed. The justification for these marches will therefore lead to deciphering the extent that these marches helped the instigating countries, and what war would have been like without them. Primary sources, such as â€Å"Aband oned on Bataan,† along with secondary sources such as â€Å"Double Victory† will be utilized to fully comprehend the differences of the two marches. Summary of Evidence 1) Bataan Death March When General MacArthur of the United States surrendered, the Japanese were not prepared for the immense number of US and Filipino prisoners. Their justification for their war crimes comes from their culture. The Japanese were instilled with the idea of fight or death. Surrendering was not an option to the Japanese, because it made one scum, and not even human. In the Japanese perspective, the American soldiers that surrendered had intentionally put themselves in this position. The Japanese did what they were taught; their cultural traditions allowed for the violence an... ...ese Lines in World War II. New York: NAL Caliber, 2009. Print. Allen, Oliver Craig, and Mildred Faye Allen. Abandoned on Bataan: One Man's Story of Survival. Boerne, TX: Crimson Horse Entertainment and Pub., 2002. Print. "American Experience . MacArthur . The Siege of Bataan | PBS." Interview by Edwin Ramsey, Richard Gordon, and Leon Beck. PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. 2009. Web. . Holocaust Encyclopedia. "Death Marches." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 06 Jan. 2011. Web. . Nelson, Jim. "The Causes of the Bataan Death March Revisited." 11 May 2007. Web. . Smurthwaite, David. The Pacific War Atlas 1941-1945. New York: HMSO, 1995. Print.

Computer Viruses: What are They? Essay

Over the past few years, computer viruses has gotten a lot of press attention. According to Levin, There has been quite an outbreak over the last decade and number of viruses grow by the minute. (Levin 5) FExperts estimated that the Mydoom worm infected approximately a two hundred and fifty thousand workstations in January, 2004. Back in March 1999, the infamouse Melissa virus forced Microsoft and a number of very large companies to completely turn off their email systems. The ILOVEYOU virus in 2000 had a similarly devastating effect. Quite surprising, seeming that both the Melissa and the ILOVEYOU viruses are considered by professionals as incredibly simple. (HowStuffWorks) Unfortunately, a lot of material have been sensationalized, and garbled such as reports that every computer in Seattle has a virus. (Fites Johnston, Kratz 7) Many also mistakenly believe that computer viruses employ artificial intelligence or are electronic lifeforms. Another popular belief is that Viruses can operate even with the power turned off. Levin 5) In reality, computer viruses do not spread like the common cold. They are not intelligent; they do not hold personal grudges against you; and it is not very difficult to avoid most exposures. But there have been, and there are now, some pretty nasty viruses floating around people’s computers. (Fites, Johnston, Kratz 7-8) In a nutshell, computer Viruses are computer software programs, just as word processors, spreadsheets, database managers, and so on are also computer programs. This means that they are simply lists of instructions that tell computers what action to execute and precisely when to execute them. They are designed to operate in a manner diametrically opposed to virtually all legitimate software programs. (Levin 6-7) This basically means that they load and run without the user/victim’s request, and also without warning the user of possible devastating consequences to his computer. They hide inside programs called host programs and run when the hosts are run. They are designed to operate secretly so that their missions can be accomplished without, and not be compromised by, user input. (Levin 7) A virus is capable of many things some of which might corrupt, delete or even format your hard disk drive. The newer viruses use the email service to send copies of itself to all the contacts of the victim’s list. We assume a tripartite model of a virus structure; that is we assume up to three main component mechanisms. Infection refers to the way a virus spreads around. This is actually the only mechanism that is mandatory if the program is to be defined as viral; the two other mechanisms are both optional. Payload refers to what the virus does aside from replication. Lastly the trigger is the routine that decides whether now is the time to deliver the payload. Take note that we are viewing a simplified model of a virus, in some circumstances the dissemination of the viral program itself maybe described as the payload. If the virus is at all selective about the circumstance under which it will attempt to infect; then the infection also incorporates a trigger mechanism. (Harley, Slade, Gattiker 7) How then do these dreadful viruses spread around? A virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the uninfected computer, for instance by a user sending it over a network or carrying it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, USB drive. Additionally, viruses can spread to other workstations by infecting files on a network or files that can be accessed by another user. (Wikipedia) With the advent of cheap broadband internet and e-mail connectivity, viruses these days also have found new ways to spread themselves with much more ease. Nowadays, viruses are most easily spread by attachments in e-mail messages or instant messaging messages. That is why it is essential that you never open e-mail attachments especially executables unless you are specifically expecting it. Viruses can be disguised as attachments of funny images, greeting cards, or audio and video files. Viruses also spread through downloads on the Internet. They can be hidden in downloadable software or other files or programs you might have access to. (Microsoft) Computer viruses on the media tend to grab our attention. On one hand, viruses show us how completely vulnerable we are. A properly engineered virus can have amazing and devastating effects on the Internet. On the other hand, they show how sophisticated and interconnected human beings have become. (HowStuffWorks) Bibliography â€Å"Computer Virus† Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia August 2007 Wikipedia August 28, 2007 Marshall Brain â€Å"How Computer Viruses Work† How Stuff Works How Stuff Works August 27, 2007 Urs Gattiker, David Harley, and Robert Slade Viruses Revealed New York: McGraw Hill 1990 Philip Fites, Peter Johnston, and Martin Kratz The Computer Virus Crisis New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold 1992. Richard B. Levin The Computer Virus Handbook New York: McGraw Hill 1990 â€Å"What is a Computer Virus? † Microsoft. com October 23,2006 Microsoft Inc. August 27, 2007

CASE STUDY ON STRATEGIES OF SALES AND MARKETING FOR BUDGET HOTELS Essay

Sales & Marketing department of any hotel is the lifeline of the hotel. It is the department which ensures that the hotel stays in the news (for positive activities), has near 100% occupancy at rates which add to the bottom line of the hotel Balance Sheet. In a nutshell, Sales & Marketing department is responsible for bringing the business to the respective hotel by way of – Occupancy Number of Rooms. Seminars & Exhibitions. Other events so as to ensure that Business centre of the hotel are also a profit venture. SALES & MARKETING department has 3 distinct functions: 1. Public Relations 2. Event Management & its promotions 3. Room Occupancy- Business group Budget hotels offer low cost business hotel rooms for budget travel. The low price hotels offering leisure to budgeted travelers. For a memorable and unbeatable luxury hotel experience, Budget Hotels are the right choice for low price accommodation travelers . Budget Hotels Offer Low cost hotel rooms of the art amenities for international visitors like Luxury Ac Rooms, CCTV, Fridge, 24 hrs Room Service, Travel desk & Safe deposit, India Travel Packages etc. LITERATURE REVIEW According to Kotler â€Å"Marketing is a social and management process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating offering, and exchanging products of value with other’s. (Kotler, Philip, Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation & Control, 7th ed. 1996) In the Mind of the strategist Kenichi Ohmae defines marketing strategy â€Å"as an endeavor by a corporation to differentiate itself positively from its competitors using is relative corporate strengths to better satisfy customers needs, in a given environment setting (Khurana and Ravichandran, Strategic Marketing Management: Concepts & Class 1995). Or in other words, marketing strategy is a set plans or actions that attempts to satisfy the customer’s expectations by the use of organization’s strengths so as to strength the firm’s position in the competitive environment and leads to overall profitability and growth. Key Terms (Reich Allen Z. 1997) Strategy: Strategy refers to the plan for achieving a goal or objective. Webster’s definition for strategy (a noun) is: 1) The science of planning and directing and directing large-scale military operations, specifically (as distinguished from tactics), of maneuvering forces into the most advantageous position prior to actual engagement with the enemy; 2) Skill in managing or planning, especially by using strategy (a plan for deceiving an enemy). (Rich Allen Z. 1997) 3) Another definition of strategy is:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"something an organization or uses in order to ‘win’ or establish its ‘legitimacy’ in a world of competitive rivalry and numerous challenges to managerial autonomy†. Rumelt’s (1979) definition stressed that strategy was what a firm used â€Å"to create and maintain an ‘asymmetric’ advantage in its product markets† (cited in Thomas, 1993, p.3) Miles and Snow (1978) and Mintzberg (1978) agreed with the widely he ld view that â€Å"strategy reflects a pattern in a stream of conscious managerial decisions, aimed at ensuring organizational adaptation.† (Reich Allen Z. 1997) OBJECTIVE The Aim of this study is to understand who the function of Sales & Marketing in Budget Hotel. . Selling objectives and strategy.  Overview of the Sales division in terms of type, location, hierarchy and functions. Key objections faced by the sales personnel and the proposed solutions, Formation of sales budgets and sales forecasting. Reporting Format and Frequency. Size of the sales force. Sales Budgets. Factors taken into account while assigning quota and territories. METHODOLOGY {Explanatory} PRIMARY DATA: Questionnaire, Research, Survey Method, Interview. SECONDARY DATA: Internet, Relevant Magazines, Relevant Books, Journals, Newspapers, Periodicals. LIMITATIONS Difficulties in collecting of first hand data. It’s difficult to access the supervisory data. Constraints of time. Financial problem. Lack of co-operation between the researcher and the data giver. BUDGET HOTEL Roots Corporation Limited (RCL) is a subsidiary of The Indian Hotels Company Limited (IHCL). Incorporated on December 24, 2003, RCL operates the first-of-its-kind category of Smart Basics hotel chain across the country. IHCL operates Taj Hotels, Resorts and Palaces, one of South Asia’s largest and finest group of hotels. The company was incorporated on 1902 by the founder of the Tata Group, Mr. Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata and opened India’s first luxury hotel, The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Mumbai in 1903. Launched in June 2004, the Smart Basics concept created a revolution in the world of Indian hospitality. A GenNext category of hotels, they signify simplicity, convenience, informality, style, warmth, modernity and affordability. The concept was developed in association with renowned corporate strategy thinker, Dr. C. K. Prahalad, and the hotels have been indigenously designed and developed by IHCL. The first of the Smart Basics hotel was launched in Bangalore and was called IndiOne. Having completed the test marketing of the concept and subsequent fine-tuning of the hotel facilities and services, the Smart Basics concept is now ready to roll out  across India. These hotels have been launched with a new name – Ginger Hotels – in sync with the fresh, simple-yet-stylish and warm world of Smart Basics. The Ginger Hotels are built around a unique concept that provides facilities to meet the key needs of today’s traveler, at surprisingly affordable rates. They have created a new category in the domestic hospitality landscape, while giving a major fillip to Indian tourism and other ancillary industries. The primary objective behind the launch of these hotels is to provide a superior product offering and consistent experience to travelers, beyond the present offerings in the industry. CONCEPT OF LOW BUDGET HOTELS IN INDIA. The budget hotels in India are recognized for their impeccable facilities and services that ensure a satisfying tour. The hotels are dotted all over the important tourist destinations since there are many budget travelers all over the world looking for cost effective accommodation. The tourists are going to benefit a lot from the budget Indian hotels that have tastefully appointed rooms and provide customer centric services to the travelers during their tour to India. The impressive packages are designed keeping in mind the taste, preference and likings of the tourists and are reasonably priced so as to make it reachable even to the common man. The budget hotels are well-acclaimed for their services and facilities that are always directed towards satisfying the needs of the guests. The hotels are professionally managed and feature neat and clean guestrooms that are tastefully furnished with the most modern facilities and room amenities. Budget travel in India is becoming increasingly popular and all the four major metropolitans of India are visited by large number of tourists each year. Thus to cater to their accommodation options, a large number of fine accommodations have come up that ensure an exclusive stay to the tourists. Though available at low cost tariffs, the budget hotels in India also cater to the corporate needs of the guests who drop in to India for the purpose of business. SCOPE OF LOW BUDGET HOTELS IN INDIA India, a land of diverse cultures and myriad tourist attractions, is visited by millions of tourists every year. The country is emerging as one of the fabulous tourist destinations of the world. Budget Hotels in India welcomes you for a comfortable stay in any place of India during your tour. Whether you’re in India for a pleasure trip or on business, you’re sure to find a hotel that suits your preferences. Smart Basics is much more than a catchy phrase. It is a philosophy of providing intelligent, thought-out facilities and services at a ‘value’ pricing. Smart Basics reflects the new spirit in which people live and work today. The emerging lifestyle which is visible in the degree to which individuals have taken control of their various activities viz. the use of email instead of letters as also the use of mobile phones, conference calls and video conferences to get things done quickly and efficiently. Essentially, Smart Basics signifies simplicity, convenience, informality, style, warmth, modernity and affordability. Simplicity and convenience in ease of doing business (awareness, booking channels, payment gateways); informality, style, warmth and modernity in its approach to product design, service philosophy and affordability in pricing. Customer-driven excellence: We anticipate expectations and delight our patrons with convenient and modern facilities at an unsurpassed value Entrepreneurship: We strive to take ownership of the tasks we perform and to create an environment that encourages and supports initiative and appropriate risk-taking Innovation: We believe that making meaningful changes to improve products, services and processes to create value for all stakeholders is an integral part of the daily work of the organization Valuing employees, partners and communities: We believe in nurturing and developing internal and external partnerships, balancing the growth of the core business while preserving natural resources and contributing to society Speed and agility: We deliver on promises with a sense of urgency and short response time Fun, joy and zing: We believe that a happy employee leads to a delighted guest TYPE OF SERVICES AND HOSPITALITY PROVIDED BY THESE HOTELS. Food and Beverage options Our hotels have a myriad of options when it comes to dining. We believe in giving you the best value in dining, as with everything else. The Square Meal: Open for breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks 20†³ Large screen TV WorldSpace radio Dial-a-meal Order from a selection of menus from local restaurants and enjoy the meal at our resturant,collect the food at the Give ‘n’ Take counter Smart Basics Facilities and Services Ginger hotels have intelligently designed facilities and services, conceived with convenience and comfort in mind. Some of our features include: The Square Meal : The Multi-Cuisine restaurant for a wholesome breakfast, lunch or dinner Net Zone: For high speed internet connectivity Conference Room (seats 80-100 people) or Meeting room (seats 8-10 people) Laundry facility: Express delivery (same day delivery): Give your clothes by 9.30 am and get them back on the same day. Gymnasium: Equipped with treadmill, exercycle and weights, air power bike, dumbbells, dual action poles with stepper, wrist curler, doorway chinning bar and punching bag, yoga mat On-site ATM: From a selected set of approved/empanneled banks Secure parking: 24*7 security on-site: monitoring by CC TV Doctor on call Smart Basics , Smart prices We have a totally transparent pricing policy, with no hidden costs and additional levies. We believe in giving you true value for your money. Smart Planet — An eco initiative At Ginger Hotels, our values give special emphasis on environmental and ecological issues. We constantly work towards building a better and sustainable way of living by providing facilities to our customers without compromising on the environment. The steps taken by us speak volumes of the measures that have been taken to create a safer environment for the future. Smart Sleep A good night’s sleep is very important as it renews the mind and rejuvenates the body. At Ginger, we understand the importance of a good night’s rest and strive to make our guests incredibly comfortable. We offer state-of-the-art posturepedic mattresses, which provide adequate support, thus ensuring a good slumber. Our special mattresses help in: Providing advanced pressure point relief Absorbing and redistributing pressure from your body weight Delivering the correct orthopaedic support Sensing body motion and responding with increased support Reducing tossing and turning These mattresses are complimented with duvets that offer softness and comfort to enhance the sleeping experience. Our exciting new range of beautiful bed linen, our comfortable pillows, and sumptuous duvets add to your convenience and comfort. So, don’t forget to sleep smart the next time you are in Ginger Pune. *Smart Sleep is currently available in Ginger Pune. Smart Space Rooms At Ginger, we believe in the luxury of simplicity. Our Smart Space rooms are designed with comfort and practicality in mind. You can choose from: Single Rooms: Ideal for the lone traveller, yet does not compromise on any of the conveniences of the other rooms Twin Rooms: Separate beds for those who travel together Double Rooms: A queen-size bed for your comfort Family Rooms: Perfect for a family of four (at Delhi and Durg only) Special Room to look after the special needs of the physically challenged Our rooms are packed with features, to make your stay a memorable experience. You can find the following amenities: Electronic locks on doors 17-inch wall-mounted flat-screen TV 24-hour cable TV with all major channels Internet connectivity: Wi-fi Mini-fridge Tea / coffee maker with complementary sachets of Tea/Coffee STD and local direct dial, voice mail and self programmed alarm on phone Full-length mirror Ergonomic work area Wardrobe and luggage rack Self controlled AC Bottled water, Posturepedic mattress, Duvets Every room has an attached bathroom with the following facilities: 24-hour running hot and cold water Branded toiletries: Body & hair wash, and hand wash Shower area Bath and hand towels Safe Zone At Ginger, we realise the importance of safety. Our hotels designed for total security and has security features like: 24-hour security Close-circuit TV maintains records of all areas and visitors Swipe card locks that offer the latest in security Digital safes located at the Give ‘n’ Take counter at the lobby GINGER HOTELS IN INDIA. Ginger Mysore provides DOT (Department of Tourism) approved three-star facilities including all the special features of Smart Basicsâ„ ¢ such as Smart spaceâ„ ¢, Safe zoneâ„ ¢, gymnasium, meeting room, self check-in kiosk and is geared to make your stay comfortable and pleasant. Ginger offers clean, well-furnished and aesthetically designed accommodation equipped with amenities like mini-fridge, LCD TV, self-controlled A/c, tea and coffee maker and a telephone. COMPANY BACKGRAOUND AT HOTELS Roots Corporation profile Roots Corporation Limited (RCL) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Indian Hotels Company Limited (IHCL). Incorporated on December 24, 2003, RCL operates the first-of-its-kind category of Smart Basicsâ„ ¢ hotels across the country. IHCL operates Taj Hotels, Resorts and Palaces, one of South Asia’s largest and finest group of hotels. The company was incorporated on 1902 by the founder of the Tata Group, Mr. Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata and opened India’s first luxury hotel, The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Mumbai in 1903. Launched in June 2004, the Smart Basicsâ„ ¢ concept created a revolution in the world of Indian hospitality. A GenNext category of hotels, they signify simplicity, convenience, informality, style, warmth, modernity and affordability. The concept was developed in association with renowned corporate strategy thinker, Dr C. K. Prahalad, and the hotels have been indigenously designed and developed by IHCL. The first of the Smart Basicsâ„ ¢ hotel was launch ed in Bangalore and was called indiOne. Having completed the test marketing of the concept and subsequent fine-tuning of the hotel facilities and services, the Smart Basics concept is now ready to roll out  across India. These hotels have been launched with a new name – Ginger hotels – in sync with the fresh, simple-yet-stylish and warm world of Smart Basicsâ„ ¢. The Ginger hotels are built around a unique concept that provides facilities to meet the key needs of today’s traveller, at surprisingly affordable rates. They have created a new category in the domestic hospitality landscape, while giving a major fillip to Indian tourism and other ancillary industries. The primary objective behind the launch of these hotels is to provide a superior product offering and consistent experience to travellers, beyond the present offerings in the industry. Contact Roots Corporation Limited Ginger Corporate Office Godrej & Boyce Complex Gate no. 8, plant no. 13 office building Vikhroli (E) Mumbai 400079 Phone: +91-22-6777 3366 Fax: +91-22-6777 3377 For reservations and enquiries Call national toll-free number 1800 220 022 or call our reservation network +91-22-66014634 Email: reservations@gingerhotels.com Value added services Taxi and traveller’s van service Doctor on call Check-in, check-out 12 noon SELF CHECK IN Save time and fuss with Ginger’s unique self check-in facility, which allows you to help yourself in without any assistance from the Front Office. The automated check-in kiosk, powered by Astrolifeâ„ ¢, has been introduced in India for the first time and our guests love it. SAFE ZONE Keep your valuables safe and secure in the state-of-the-art security systems Ginger has installed for you. All rooms have electronic tamper-proof locks. You also have the option of using the digital safes at the Give ‘n’ Takeâ„ ¢ counter, at a very nominal charge. GIVE N TAKE Keep your valuables safe and secure in the state-of-the-art security systems Ginger has installed for you. All rooms have electronic tamper-proof locks. You also have the option of using the digital safes at the Give ‘n’ Takeâ„ ¢ counter, at a very nominal charge. GYMNASIUM At Ginger, we realise the importance of   exercise as a stress buster and as part of a healthy lifestyle. All our hotels have well-equipped gymnasiums with treadmills, exercycles, boxing bags, weights, etc. Please help yourselves! MEETING ROOM Conduct your meetings and presentations at Ginger’s capacious conference rooms. Our meeting rooms seat about 8-10 people with boardroom style seating, wi-fi connectivity and audio-visual equipment. You need to inform us in advance if you wish to hire a conference room. NET ZONE Stay connected to your favourite sites in cyberspace with our high-speed internet connection at Net Zone. For those who want to avail of wi-fi connectivity, we offer wi-fi cards on sale at the reception. CURRENCY EXCHANGE Ginger hotels have a currency exchange facility where all major currencies and traveller’s cheques can be exchanged. WATER DESPENSER Quench your thirst with the complimentary bottle of mineral water in the minifridge in your room and, when you need a refill, just walk down to the water dispenser on your floor. VENDING MACHINES Vending machines have been installed at all Ginger locations. These machines are equipped with an array of products ranging from juices to toiletries. This 24-hour service will save you the trouble of stepping out of the hotel for a purchase. VISION & MISSION VISION Ginger is a fresh and warm experience, of an unsurpassed value. MISSION We provide smart, clean and safe hospitality offerings by adopting next-practices that constantly enhance value for our patrons. We are driven by respect for people and nature and passion for our stakeholders. VALUES Customer-driven excellence: We anticipate expectations and delight our patrons with convenient and modern facilities at an unsurpassed value. Entrepreneurship: We strive to take ownership of the tasks we perform and to create an environment that encourages and supports initiative and appropriate risk-taking. Innovation: We believe that making meaningful changes to improve products, services and processes to create value for all stakeholders is an integral part of the daily work of the organization. Valuing employees, partners and communities: We believe in nurturing and developing internal and external partnerships, balancing the growth of the core business while preserving natural resources and contributing to society. Speed and agility: We deliver on promises with a sense of urgency and short response time. Fun, joy and zing: We believe that a happy employee leads to a delighted guest. 11 HOTELS Situated on the airport road, Ginger Agartala provides easy accessibility to every part of the city. Located close to the International Tech Park in Bangalore, Ginger Bangalore is ideal for the business traveller. Stay at Ginger Bhubhaneshwar in the heart of the city, within easy distance of all important cultural and business areas. Conveniently located close to the City Centre, Ginger Durgapur is in the residential part of town. Situated close to Har-ki-pauri in   Haridwar, Ginger Haridwar is the first choice of pilgrims to the holy city. Nestled in the peaceful environs of the Vasanth Mahal road, Ginger Mysore is close to both the business and tourist centres. Located centrally in Satpur MIDC, Ginger Nashik is easily accessible from the bus stand, railway station and airport. Located in the French colony at Oulgaret Municipality, Ginger Puducherry is near to the airport. The Ginger hotel in Pune is in the Pimpri Chinchwad region, the industrial hub of the city. In Thiruvananthapuram, Ginger is located inside the sprawling Technopark campus. Conveniently located at Fatehgunj camp road, Ginger Vadodara is just 3km from the airport. COMPONENTS OF MARKETING SYSTEM In developing a marketing plan for a hotel, each of the following components, known as the 6 P’s of marketing system, are to be considered. 1. People 2. Product 3. Price 4. Promotion 5. Package 6. Performance 1. People ž Who are the present and potential customers? ž Where are they? ž What are their needs, desires and constraints? 2. Product ž What are the existing or planned facilities and services? ž How closely do they match? ž Do they address correctly what the guests want and desire? 3. Price Consider the hotels’ need to operate at a profit while offering products and services which are competitive not only with other comparable hotel facilities, but with other products such as vacations abroad, second homes, camping and the suchlike. 4. Promotion ž Utilize all appropriate communication media and merchandising tools ž Attract the attention of prospects ž See that the product and price are right 5. Performance Living up to what has been promised in every respect in order to maximize the guests’ length of stay, amount of spending, and loyalty, so that the guest becomes a repeat customer and the hotel’s ambassador of goodwill. 6. Package ž Comprises of incentives, including discounts and loyalty programs ž Attractive set of offers put together at what the customer perceives as a reasonable price ž Offers a good experience and value for money MARKETING MIX The three elements of marketing plans are as under. 1. Customer or Prospect Mix ž Who are the present customers? ž Who are the desired customers? 2. Service Mix ž What needs and wants of each group are now being met? ž What needs and wants of each group should be met in the future? 3. Promotion Mix ž How is the demand being activated and sustained? ž How should it be? ž Promotion mix includes Advertising, Promoting, Merchandising and Personal Selling VALUE AND WORTH Value is the customer’s estimate of the product’s capacity to his set of goals. Worth is the perception of the balance between satisfied goals and the costs involved in satisfying these goals. Good value is where worth is perceived as greater than the costs, and poor value where the costs are perceived greater than the worth. As consumer needs, wants and demands change, as competition increases, and as  technology offers new opportunities, the process of creating a consumer-product relationship is also the process of managing change. Broadly, advertising, promoting and merchandising may be described as the process of bringing the buyer and seller together once the needs of both these parties have been understood. PROMOTION The product in a hotel context constitutes a wholesome package on the offer, and attempts to satisfy and convey: ž The image of the establishment ž Quality of the product and service ž Style of management Prices ž Environment, facilities and services Promotion is an activity directly concerned with the product. Promotion should inform the customers of the establishment, make them aware of its existence, persuade them to buy and convince them of the image and quality of the product. This is done by way of: Personal selling Advertising Sales promotions Merchandising Public relations Agents Promotion is an activity which must be carefully planned and controlled. Usually the main objective of the promotional campaign is to stimulate demand by using persuasive messages to attract past users and new customers to the establishment. Such messages should convince prospective customers that the product on offer is good value for money. PERSONAL SELLING Personal selling is doe through contacts with local organizations and committees, or more directly through the restaurant staff talking to guests. All employees who are in contact with the customer must be made aware of the importance of selling the products to increase profits and provide a satisfactory experience for the customers. Personal selling is the most potent method of promoting sales where the seller has an opportunity to make a complete presentation of his sales story, answer all objectives, and follow through the computation of a sale with a signed order. All staff must therefore gain a good knowledge of the company’s products and services, and develop good social skills with an ability to promote and sell. Showing concern for the customers not only makes them feel comfortable, but also promotes sales and increases the effectiveness of the establishment. ADVERTISING Advertising should convey messages which influence customer behavior. Advertisements should convey and result in: ž An immediate increase in sales ž Awareness of the existence of the establishment ž Informing the public of the name and location of the establishment ž Telephones and faxes of the establishment ž Timings and dates of operation ž The type of offer – room, restaurant, catering, leisure activities ž Style of food and drink offered ž Unique selling propositions and special features ž Whom to contact for what Advertising messages should define and clarify: ž Objectives of the advertisement ž Menu offering ž Target customers ž Media type to reach target ž Timing of the advertisement ž Budget ž Product differentiators The medium used for the advertisement may be television, radio, newspapers, magazines and journals, Internet, pamphlets, brochures, posters, static poster sites, sponsorships, cinema and direct mailers. The selection of the medium depends on the budget and the target audience. Large hotel companies organize their own local campaigns. This requires that the hotel progresses and reviews the various stages in the preparation of various ads and be aware of the advertising production cycle. SALES PROMOTION Sales promotion is a day to day operation relating to discount offers, price reduction and special offers. They are designed to appeal to a certain section of the market or the target audience. Food festivals, for example, are held to promote cuisine and beverages of a particular region or country. A theme promotion may help the business and promote sales by way of volume of sales increased during off-peak periods by attracting new customers, gain publicity in the local media circle, and stimulate and interest regular groups. Follow up after sales is a very vital component of any promotional activity. MERCHANDISING The objective of merchandising in F&B is not so much to create new techniques, but to implement existing merchandising techniques to their utmost potential. A customer can hardly buy what he doesn’t know, and so all merchandising and salesmanship should be directed to the five senses of sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing. Based on these factors, we should analyze our restaurants in detail in order to establish adequate programs for improvement. Sight – The most common technique in this category is the use of visual displays. These not only include static displays of fruit or ice, but also menus, tabletops, trolleys and carts, and the suchlike. Smell – Aroma stimulates taste-buds, and the use of smell to sell is a very effective tool. Aromas used effectively in restaurants include freshly brewed coffee, exotic herbs and spices, and the like. Taste – Whereas the success of a restaurant depends on the taste of the food, successful merchandising may includ e pre-order tasting and niblets. Touch – Merchandising to the touch not only include various textures on the food but also such things as crisp napkins and beautiful crystal ware. DEFINITION OF MARKETING The word market is derived from the Latin work ‘Marcatus’ meaning goods or trade or a place where business is conducted. The term marketing is defined  as a ‘business activity planned at satisfying to a reasonable extent, consumer or customer needs and wants, generally through on exchange process’. The human needs are less and are important for his survival. The wants of people are many and varied and change with time, place and society. The wants keep changing with life styles, earning capacity of consumers, social values, education etc. Human intentions and decision to acquire may not be the same due to existing conditions. A man like or intend to stay in a five star hotel. He may decide (or acquire) a room in a three star hotel due to his tight financial position. Kotler defines marketing as â€Å"a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering and exchanging products of value with others. As per the definition by the American Marketing Association (AMA), marketing is â€Å"the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals.† ‘Market’ traditionally is a place where buyers and sellers gather to exchange their goods. With this concept of markets, it is seen that Marketing means working with markets to actualize potential exchanges for the purpose of satisfying human needs and wants. To meet the exchange process in the market, considerable skill and work is put by one party to the transaction. To bring in the desired response from the other party in a market, the marketer has to analyze, plan, implement and control activities. Definition of Marketing Management, according to Kotler, is the process of planning and executing the conception, the pricing, promotion and distribution ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. He has thus approved the definition of the AMA. Marketing Management is engaged in influencing the level, timing the  composition of demand in a manner that will help an organization to achieve its objectives. Marketing Management is basically demand management. COMPONENTS AND CLASSIFICATION OF MARKET Market is a social and economic institution which performs activities and provides infrastructure for exchange of commodities between buyers and sellers. A market is not confined to a particular geographical location, it exists wherever the fundamental forces of demand and supply exist. Market Components The following components are necessary for a market to exist: Two parties are necessary – one buyer/s and secondly seller/s Goods or commodity for transaction. Physical existence of goods is not necessary. Business relation and communication between buyer and seller and Demarcation-area or place there, uniform price or competition is not a condition. Classification of Markets Based on nature and dimensions, markets are classified as under: 1.Area of Coverage Local Market: Where buying and selling activities are taking place, where buyers and sellers belong to same or nearby villages. These are for perishable items like vegetables. Tehsil Level Markets: Market catering to buyers and sellers of taluka area. Buyers and seller meet for their stock of food grains and other daily use items. Regional Level Markets: Usually at district headquarters to cater to a larger area. National Level: Buyers and sellers world over meet in this market. These are large scale markets and business value and volumes are large. The items transacted include, silver, gold, non-ferrous metals, petro goods and machinery. In the recent past, agricultural commodities have also entered the area. 2.Location Village Market: The transactions between buyer and seller takes place in a small village center called a village market or a Haat. This meet is periodical, usually once or twice a week Primary Market: The villagers take their agricultural produce to the nearby town or Tehsil on bullock carts, buses or tractors-transaction in the town market takes place between farmers and products. Wholesale Markets: These markets are located at important commercial centers or district headquarters. The arrivals from villagers and other markets are large in quantities. The transactions take place among villagers, village traders and wholesalers. There are specialized marketing functions that take place in this market. They are commission agents, brokers, packers, weighment etc. These are also called Secondary markets. Terminal Market: This market caters to the final consumer or processor. These are organized and modern markets. These markets are in cities or state capitals and deal in many commodities. 3.Volumes of Trade Retail Markets: Where goods are brought and sold to consumers based on actual requirements. The retailers purchases goods from the wholesale market and sell in small lots to the nearby consumers. Wholesale Markets: The wholesale markets are in big cities or commercial centers in a district. The commodities are brought in bit lots bulk and sold in bulk. These markets balance supply and demand fluctuations and also determine the prices of the commodities being transacted. As such wholesale markets are an important part in the market scheme. 4.Time Span Short Period Market: These markets are for few hours or a day in a week. Generally perishable goods like vegetables, fruits, milk, fish, mutton are traded. The prices are fixed on the basis of demand pattern. Long Period Market: Where perishable items for a long period are traded. The items are food grains, oilseeds and oil. The prices are governed by supply as well as demand forces in the market. Permanent Market: Markets where commodities can be kept for any length of time like machinery, steel furniture, manufactured goods. 5.Number of Commodities General Market: These markets deal in a large number of commodities and of different quality and packages. The items are as groceries, foodgrains, oils, oilseeds, sugar etc. Specialised Markets: Markets where only one or wo commodities are transacted are called specialized markets. Examples are foodgrain markets, electrical markets, cotton markets and vegetable markets. 6.Type of Transactions Spot or Cash Markets: Where goods are exchanged immediately on payment of cash Forward Markets: In this market, the timing of exchange of commodity and purchase and sale of that commodity are not same. The goods are delivered at a later date. Sometimes the goods are not delivered at all, only difference being in sales and purchase price which are paid as per agreements. 7.Degree of Competition Market are seen from perfect competition to pure monopoly. The markets may exist different intermediate points. The markets are classified on the basis on basis of competition as under: Perfect Markets: The perfect market in true sense does not exist. This presupposes that There are large numbers of buyers and sellers. The buyers and sellers in the market have indepth knowledge of prices, demand and supply. Price are uniform in a geographical area- Plus or minus cost of transportation from surplus to deficit market. Plus or minus cost of storage over a period of time. Plus or minus cost of converting the product from one to another. Imperfect Markets: In this market, the conditions of perfect market are lacking. These are: Monopoly market where there is only one seller of a commodity. He has sole control. The prices are generally higher. When there is only one buyer, the market is termed as monophony market. Duopoly market is a market there are two sellers of a commodity in the market. Where there are only two buyers in the market, it is called duopsony market. Monopolistic competition: Where a large number of sellers are selling heterogeneous and differentiated forms of a commodity, the situation is termed monopolistic competition. Example – farmer has to choose between various makes or brands of pesticides, pumpsets and fertilizers. 8.Nature of Commodities Commodity Markets: Pertains to the types of goods like grains, cotton, sugar, fertilizers etc. Capital Markets: Markets where shares, debentures and bonds are purchased and sold as in share markets. 9.Government Intervention Regulated Markets: Where markets are controlled by government or statutory rules and regulations, pricing and distribution are as per laid down rules. Unregulated Markets: The seller or trader makes his own rules for conduct of business. These are not government rules for trading. The traders may exploit the situations. 10Accrual of Marketing Margins This is done on the basis of whom the marketing goes. These are usually cooperative market. These are prevalent in milk, fertilizer and sugar industries. The margins are distributed to the cooperative members. 11Type of Population Served Urban Market: Markets to serve the urban population. Rural Market: Markets to meet demands originating from the rural population. MARKETING SYSTEM Marketing activity presently dealt with focused on the commercial transaction between a seller and a buyer. The seller offers his commodities to the buyer to satisfy his needs and wants. The buyer purchases the commodity or services as per his needs and demand. Marketing Activity and Environment The framework or environment in which marketing activity takes place is within and outside the buyer and seller organizations – some are controllable and some are uncontrollable variables. Some variables can be controlled by the seller that is one can plan, organize and perform – whereas there are variables which are beyond and control. Five Ps The controllable variables are planned and their level of intensities are used to influence the target market. This is called the marketing mix. E.J. McCarthy developed the marketing mix. They are the five Ps-Product, Price, Packaging, Place and Promotion. The variables in each of these Ps is detailed in Fig. Product Price Packaging Place Promotion Quality List price Lot size Retail outlets Advertising Options Discount Durability Channels Personal selling Features Allowances Appeal Coverage Sales promotion Style Payment period Ease in handling Inventory Publicity Brand name Credit terms And Transport Transport Public relations Size Handling Warranties Store keeping Returns Appeal Value 5Ps and their variables MARKETING GOALS Marketing is an important and integral part of any enterprise. It follows of the organization, that is marketing desires goals from an organization. gives goals of an organization and its marketing arm. Organization Marketing Growth Product Sales growth Market development Diversification Profitability Maximum sales revenue Maximum contribution Market Penetration Market leadership Innovation Consumer satisfaction Image Company image Brand image Social image Goals of Organization and Marketing SELLING AND MARKETING CONCEPTS Selling concept holds that, if left alone, a customer will ordinarily not buy enough products of the organization. the organization must, therefore, go for aggressive selling and invest in promotional campaigns. This is a common man’s approach. The aim is to sell what an organization makes rather than make what the market wants. On the hand, marketing is a business philosophy that is opposed to the selling concept. The marketing concept holds that the key to achieve goals of an organization consists of being more effective than its competitors in evolving and executing marketing activities towards determining and satisfying the needs and wants of target markets. The concept is put is few words – â€Å"find wants and fill them† or â€Å"meeting needs profitably†. The difference between selling and marketing are detailed in below. Concepts Starting Points Focus Means End The Selling Concept Factory Products Selling and Promoting Profits through sales through The Marketing Target Customer Integrated Profit through Concepts Market Needs Marketing Customer Satisfaction DIFFERENCES IN SELLING AND MARKETING CONCEPTS Market Structure and Dynamics Market structure has to meet the requirements and adjust substantially to the changing environment. For good performance, the market structure should keep pace with: Demand Changes in Market The market structure should be reoriented to keep pace with demand for products in terms of size, quality, packaging due to changes in incomes, consumer tastes and habits. Product Changes in the Market The production pattern changes with technology, economic and institutional reasons. The structure should be reoriented to suit changes. Marketing Function and Cost Factors Market information, enfacing inventory holding patterns and transport facilities have bearing on the type of market structure. Should change as per costs and changes in Government policies. CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSE Questionnaire Based Analysis 1. Do you think customer satisfaction is the main goal of the management of a budget hotel? 2. Do you think ensuring the customer of all the comfort will always help in repeat business? 3. What do you think is the reason for lack of repeat business even if all services provided to the guest are budget hotel? 4. What should be the main aspect to be worked upon to attract suitable guests? 5. Why do you think prospective guests are attracted the most by in a hotel facility? 6. What do you think is more important- the tangible goods (food, room, etc) or intangible services provided by hotel employees (courtesy, chivalry, friendly behavior, etc)— 7. How important is branding according to you? CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY QUESTIONNAIRE CONCLUSION Hotel Industry in across the globe needs to give a greater in-depth thought to branding their products and services to reap the benefits of changing customer needs. The Hotel Industry as a whole must continue to ensure Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty and thus make all efforts to retain customers. Hotels must be given a higher ratio of importance as future trends signify that the mentioned sector will be a cash cow for the investors. Innovation is also proposed as a key to success in the Hotel industry currently and also for the future as competition is growing rapidly. So, it will be a good idea to establish theme restaurants with variety of cuisines. Emphasizing on areas like Semiotics would result in generating brand recognition and awareness. This would be a helpful tool in order to impact the consumer’s mind. Media is the recommended channel through which the impact can be profound. Ensuring exceptional guest care by each and every employee should be the norm. To ensure this, flatter structures are recommended to stimulate communication process and close working as a team. Staff levels must be offered better pay packages since they are the ones in direct contact with your customers. Competitive pay packages will also help in retention of staff and better services to the customers. Empower employees, encourage and -support them in their decisions to build confidence. This will lead to better customer service at guest contact points. Outsourcing options should be considered seriously, and in as many services as possible. This will definitely lower payroll costs and may also improve efficiency of operations. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Kotler Philip, Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and control, 8th ed. 1996, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall, New Delhi. 2. Roberts, John Marketing for the Hospitality Industry, 1993, Hodder Stoughton, London. 3. Kotler, Philip, Marketing Management, the millennium edition, (10th edition) 1999, Prentice hall of India, New Delhi. 4. Reich A.Z., Marketing Management for the hospitality Industry: a Strategic Approach (1997), John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 5. Wearne. Neil; Hospitality Marketing, 2001, Global Books D Subscription Services, New Delhi. 6. Kotler, Bowers and Makens, Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism, 1996, Prentice- hall International, USA. 7. Pearce, J. II and Robinson, R.B. Jr., Formulation and Implementation of competitive strategy, 4th Ed. (1989), Homewood, IL:Irwin. 8. Knowles, Tim; Corporate Strategy for Hospitality, 1996, Longman Company Limited England. Trade Journal & Magazines: 1. Hotelier and Caterer 2. FHRAI magazine

The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte

The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte Free Online Research Papers Napoleon Bonaparte was best known as the ruler of France. Not only was he this, but he was King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, he is considered by many to be one of the best military commanders that ever lived. His rise, reign, and fall marked the end of the Monarchy in France, and the start of a Republic. Napoleon was born in Ajaccio the capital of Corsica, a small island off the coast of France. At the age of 16 he became a commissioned second lieutenant in an artillery regiment on mainland France. After spending a few years back in Corsica he eventually attained the rank of Artillery Commander. He got his big break while commanding a republican government force at Toulon. His unorthodox way of commanding proved to be immensely successful as Toulon was successfully defended. The committee of public safety noticed how well he commanded the battle and promoted Bonaparte to Brigadier-General. During the time he was a general he led successful campaigns in Italy, Lombardy, The Papal States, and most noticeably Egypt; where he took a group of 167 scientists, mathematicians, naturalists, and chemists. This team made many important discoveries such as the Rosetta Stone. After all the success Bonaparte had outside the country he launched a successful Coup d’Ã ©tat of the provisional government set up by the French Consulate, and shortly thereafter pronounced himself Emperor of the French. Less than a year after his successful coup Bonaparte made his second campaign to Italy, which had been conquered by the Austrians while Napoleon was in Egypt. Although the battle started badly Napoleons forces eventually routed the Austrians in June at the Battle of Marengo leading to an armistice. After successfully re-taking Italy he was crowned King of Italy. In 1802 the British signed the treaty of Amiens, Which led to peace between Britain and France. The peace between the two rivals was short lied however, as the British opposed France’s annexation of Piedmont, and Napoleons Act of Mediation in Switzerland. By 1805 the British had started to lead a coalition force that included Russia and Austria against France. Bonaparte was able to hold back 4 of these coalitions until his campaign into Russia. In June of 1812 Bonaparte’s invasion of Russia began. The campaign was ill-fated from the start as Russia used the scorched earth tactic so that the French army found it very difficult to meet their basic needs. The Russian army was quick to withdraw from the border, and eluded battle with Napoleon’s army for most of their retreat until they reached Moscow. When the French army had taken Moscow their numbers had greatly diminished, as the army had started with over 650,000 frontline troops, but the scorched earth tactic, and the long Russian winter took it’s toll on the French, as only 40,000 troops made it back to France. After the French defeat in the Russian campaign Prussia joined a new coalition against France which included Russia, the United Kingdom, Spain, and Portugal. Initially Bonaparte had great success causing almost 100,000 casualties with the French sustaining only 30,000. As Napoleon’s success grew so did the opposing coalition, after the Battle of Dresden Sweden and Austria joined the force opposing the French. The coalition now had a force of 500,000 soldiers compared to 100,000 of the French Army. Realizing he faced imminent defeat Bonaparte abdicated in favor of his son. The coalition force took Paris in March of 1814. With the French royalists gaining power and the coalition against Napoleon Louis XVIII was returned to power, and Napoleon was exiled to Elba a small island in the Mediterranean 20 km off the coast of Italy. He ran the island as a small country, with a small army and navy and the establishment of mines and improving farmland. After 100 days in exile he escaped Elba in February of 1815 and returned to France after he had gathered a force of 140,000 soldiers and 200,000 volunteers. He sent his army to Waterloo for an epic battle with the British. His inability to survey the battlefield because of hemorrhoids was one of the defining factors in the British victory. After being captured by the Duke of Wellington while trying to escape to the United States he was exiled to Saint Helena, a small British held territory off the west coast of Africa where he lived until his death in 1821. His cause of death is unknown. In his autopsy the coroner stated that he had died of stomach cancer, but a study of his body done in 2001 revealed that the levels of arsenic in his body where 38 times the normal amount. Some view Napoleon as a great leader of France, his military tactics and Napoleonic code are still used today with modern armies. He set the stage for a diplomatic governing body of France, and he won the respect of the French nation. Research Papers on The Rise and Fall of Napoleon BonaparteQuebec and CanadaGenetic EngineeringAmerican Central Banking and OilThe Story of Beatrix PotterA Marketing Analysis of the Fast-Food RestaurantGene One the Transition from Private to PublicWhat are Stock OptionsBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettThe Equal Rights AmendmentExempt vs Non-Exempt Employees

Scientific Literacy And Frankenstein English Literature Essay Essay Example

Scientific Literacy And Frankenstein English Literature Essay Essay Example Scientific Literacy And Frankenstein English Literature Essay Essay Scientific Literacy And Frankenstein English Literature Essay Essay Essay Topic: Frankenstein Scientific literacy is the ability to grok scientific constructs which are of import in doing single determinations and take parting in activities that are good for the societal, political and economic personal businesss of the society. It encompasses inquiring inquiries and happening replies to affairs that may originate due to curiosity about mundane life. Scientific literacy enables us to be able to appreciate the different things that happen around us for case environmental pollution, technology designs, medical research and even new merchandise development and design. Therefore it is a really of import facet of human existences. To acquire an penetration in scientific literacy, an person should be able to read as much scientific works as he or she can in order to do an informed determination about certain phenomena in the existent universe. By reading many scientific plants, an person will be able to construct up on the cognition that he or she has about the specific scientific idea. Harmonizing to Lee Gentry ( 2000 ) a society with a high figure of scientifically illiterate people is at a disadvantage because such people will non understand things that go on around them because most of the things that affect our life have either a technological or scientific background. Therefore illiterate people will non be able to even debate on issues impacting the environment, technology and medical defence proposals. Harmonizing to Dr Phil Science literacy enables an single to understand the universe around him through observation of the critical factors around him or her. Science literacy enables people who have done scientific discipline to be able to understand the current universe that is driven by scientific discipline and engineering. This literacy enables an person to be able to separate between fact and guess which will be really utile in separating the truth in media and political sphere. This book interested me because of how the author handles his authorship from the beginning of the book to the terminal. This book has a batch of pragmatism which I like so much ands in add-on the book is a Gothic novel which has a batch of Romantics that is portrayed particularly by Victor and keeps the reader traveling since the events follow each other in a logical sequence and there is no suspense. Another ground that made my choose this book is when I was with my uncle and as he finished watching another film called the lamia, and I started visualising the stormy and dark dark and this gave me the impulse of desiring to read this book. My uncle was really enthusiastic when he was speaking about this book and this excessively encouraged me to travel and look for this book because I wanted the written version and non the film version of the book.Infact the transcript of the book that I have now is the fist I read during my 5th class and it is still in good status as if it was still new. Another ground that made me take this book is that I have been making a batch of research on monster, lamias and wolves but I had non done so much on the Frankenstein monster and his Godhead and this prompted me to travel and look for this book to be able to cognize more about these monsters. Before I read this book I did non understand the superior ability and strength of the monsters coupled with their power to make excess ordinary things. There are so many things that excite me about this book including the fact that the author has foremost because the author has done the authorship in the best manner that he could in covering with the horror narrative in order to convey about the significance he wished to. The incorporation of the monster universe into the existent universe of human existences makes the book an interesting work to read due to the struggle between existent human beings and the monster universe What the writer eventually latched onto when she found her narrative wasn A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢t a shade narrative at all. The author of this book was really efficient in making a existent fiction-science narrative which. By making life unnaturally through scientific procedures and saying the reverberations to the readers, the author is able to do the readers to hanker for more of the book and have the desire to read more from the book. The introductory portion of the book makes it look more scientific as opposed to the superstitious belief about monsters. A good manner for other readers to acquire the fascination in this book is to pay attending to the scientific discipline and how it is incorporated in the novel with fiction coupled with the interaction of the carnal land to convey about the monster characters. Another thing that attracts me to the Frankenstein is that he has property likened to the existent human behaviour and this makes this narrative more of a scientific composing than a fabricated book.For case the monster has speech likened to the human existences and he even has uncertainties about his being and this is characteristic of human existences who neer understand their beginning. The monster admirations if it is truly God created him because he is hopeless since no 1 can acknowledge him while Satan who is perceived to be bad can easy acknowledge and appreciate those who follow him. This is another fact to turn out that the book is more scientific by analysing so resemblance between human existences and monsters since human existences besides tend to look up to Satan sometimes. What made me more hypnotized was the fact that the monster had quire character which enables him to precede other animals and do them endure under his custodies and it makes him happy when other people are enduring because of the actions that he inflicts on the victim. However, this book is non every bit chilling as it was intended to be and it does non go forth the reader desiring to cognize more about the following action for case when he finds the loved 1s of Victor and so lets them travel in a loving manner without making anything harmful to them. This does really convey out the human nature of caring for others and non harming the other human coevals due to unknown grounds. The usage of monsters to stand for the properties that can be likened to human existences is really effectual in seeking to unclutter the struggle that exists between the human race and the monster universe where the monsters are normally likened to human existences since they have similar traits. The most important thing that I have learnt from this book is that inanimate things can be used efficaciously to stand for certain properties that are characteristic of human existences in the existent universe fro case the author presents a close connexion between the existent people and human like animals like monsters. Another thing that can be learnt from this book is that there is a important relationship between scientific discipline and nature because what is predicted by scientific discipline automatically happens because scientific discipline is all about existent life since it amp ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s a manifestation of nature. A good illustration is when the monster appears as a craft character that is merely after torturing its victims. This is besides characteristic of existent universe human existences who can make something bad to person whom they feel have offended them. A lesson to be learnt from this work is that non all work done by authors is fictional because some literary work every bit much as it is a authorship of non-existent animals, it is a true thing or narrative that can be found in any given society that is occupied by human existences. In add-on, there should be an understanding that everything that happens around us has a scientific reading and therefore scientific discipline is really of import in our society. It can hence be concluded that the novel is a good manifestation of the direct relationship between fiction and existent universe because the big portion of this book is all about fabricated characters that represent existent human characters. It should be an encouragement to our citizens to read plants of fiction about scientific discipline in order to acquire an penetration into the scientific cognition that will assist them to be able to do statements particularly when argument about scientific affairs is made in the public sphere.

Overview of the Xiongnu Nomads

Overview of the Xiongnu Nomads Xiongnu was a multi-ethnic nomadic grouping from Central Asia which existed between about 300 B.C. and 450 A.D. Pronunciation:  SHIONG-nu Also Known  As:  Hsiung-nu The Great Wall The Xiongnu were based in what is now Mongolia and frequently raided south into China. They were such a threat that the first Qin Dynasty emperor, Qin Shi Huang, ordered the construction of huge fortifications along the northern border of China- fortifications that later were expanded into the Great Wall of China. An Ethnic Quandry Scholars have long debated the ethnic identity of the Xiongnu: Were they a Turkic people, Mongolian, Persian, or some mixture? In any case, they were a warrior people to be reckoned with. One ancient Chinese scholar, Sima Qian, wrote in the Records of the Grand Historian that the last emperor of the Xia Dynasty, who ruled sometime around 1600 B.C., was a Xiongnu man. However, it is impossible to prove or disprove this claim. The Han Dynasty Be that as it may, by 129 B.C., the new Han Dynasty decided to declare war against the troublesome Xiongnu. (The Han sought to re-establish trade along the Silk Road to the west and the Xiongnu made this a difficult task.) The balance of power between the two sides shifted over the next few centuries, but the Northern Xiongnu were driven out of Mongolia after the Battle of Ikh Bayan (89 A.D.), while the Southern Xiongnu were absorbed into Han China. The Plot Thickens Historians believe that the Northern Xiongnu continued west until they reached Europe under a new leader, Attila, and a new name, the Huns.

International Accounting Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

International Accounting Standards - Essay Example When comparing its financial position and results of operations for the last year or years, competitors located in the same country like the United Kingdom can be easily compared and contrasted. A little difficulty arises when the financial statements of competing companies are compared and one company is located in the United Kingdom and the other stiff competitors are located in other countries like the United States, Japan, Canada, Brazil, China, India etc. They say that accounting is the language of business. Just as misinterpretation could be eliminated if people from Germany and Spain understand each other, misunderstandings and variances in the interpretation of the balance sheet and income statement are due to the different financial statement standards and methods of reporting which includes costing, billing and cost distributions. One major problem is that each country has researched and approved own generally accepted accounting principles individually. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are the widely accepted set of rules, conventions, standards, and procedures that are used for reporting financial information which are researched and established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board of each country. (Sanella, 1991) One example of a generally accepted accounting principle is the United Kingdom's generally accepted accounting principle as to when to record a transaction as cash or receivable or another accounting data.Another problem is that the individual financial data ( Belkaoui, 1999) reported in the financial statements are cash inflows and cash outflows that are inherent and unique to each country. For example, average daily salary paid for the factory worker in competing companies will have a big disparity because salaries of production personnel in third world countries like India are estimated to be ten times lower than the average daily wage of a production worker in the Great Britain or Germany.Another problem is that the modes of transporting the goods in India or Brazil is not as advanced or fast as the mode of transportation in the United Kingdom or the United States.As of this time, there is no one size fit all when it comes to global accounting standards. In relation to this topi c, The European Union which is a conglomeration of individual independent states in Europe, including the United Kingdom, has come up with the European Court of Justice that gives decisions on cases within the European Union community even though each country has its own courts of law.The Tax consultants, accountants and financial statement analysts are at odds when comparing electricity, salary, rent, asset amortization and depreciation, assignment of values to assets between countries. We know that the standard of living in London is very much higher than the standard of living in China.Each accountant, financial stateme

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 64

Discussion - Essay Example oblem identifies significant effects on the students, with possible secondary effects on the students’ ability to concentrate on their studies and the students’ health. An empirical study of 195 students established significance of homesickness and effects such as depression, sexual behavior, and consumption of alcohol. The study that focused on moderation effects of religion on impacts of homesickness established significance of religion (Longo, 2010). Other effects of homesickness are isolation, inability to focus on studies, and stimulation of preexisting psychological disorder among students (Thurmber and Walton, n.d.). The data establishes significance of homesickness among college students and identifies its burden on students’ academic potentials and their health. I believe that effects of homesickness such as involvement in irresponsible sexual behavior, as Longo explains that more than 30 percent of his research participants engaged in unprotected sex, e xplains risks of sexually transmitted diseases while depression suppresses the students’ cognitive potentials. Longo, G. (2010). Homesickness in college students: The moderating effect of religiousness on the relationship between homesickness and Maladjustment. Retrieved from:

How Willy Loman (and Biff) Challenge Traditional Notions of Tragedy in Essay

How Willy Loman (and Biff) Challenge Traditional Notions of Tragedy in Miller's 'Death of a Salesman' - Essay Example All these aspects turn his life upside down, making the play a tragedy – a conflict not only in the mind of Willy Loman, but also his son Biff, who seeks to find a solution for the turmoil of thoughts that waft past his mind like a raging sea. The play seeks to portray two different American dreams – one where wealth and success are the answer to a happy life, and the other where happiness is the answer to a successful and wealthy lifestyle; both taking place within the same household. However, the play is different from the traditional notions of tragedy; instead of simply being a story where the protagonist fails in life, suffers extreme sorrow because of the inability to cope with a stressful situation, it is a painful story about the relationship between a father and a son and how one’s tragedy becomes the other’s awakening to a better life. Willy Loman is an old man and over the course of time, he faces the delusion of being able to achieve the Americ an dream of simple success by his sales business. He is desperate for his sons to triumph in what he always wanted to and could not and that can also be witnessed in the manner in which he killed himself, leaving behind a handsome inheritance with which Biff could follow in his father’s wake. ... Willy, on the other hand, was stuck in the labyrinth of life with no desire within himself to find a way out. Many critics write that his surname Loman is actually a pun on the word ‘low-man’ or the low self-esteem that he had for himself considering that he never felt happy about himself or his life. It is pertinent to note that no tragic hero puts himself in the situation knowingly; even if he does so, he always tries to find a way out of the mess that he has created for himself. Willy on the other hand, had no will within him to get out of what he had fallen into. He was lying entrapped within a web of his own lies and delusions that he was not willing to give up on; perhaps life to him was a mere step away from achieving the American dream and he blamed the same on the time and place that he was in life at the time, and thus wanted his sons to carry his name forward by finishing what he had started. However, by thinking about such propaganda all day, he often forgot to understand the turmoil of emotion that his family was undergoing; the love and affection that they had for him and the mental support that they provided him with. When his son Ben states â€Å"The jungle is dark, but full of diamonds,† (Miller, Arthur) a metaphor is presented on the death that the salesman took upon himself. Willy’s act of committing suicide was rough like a diamond and he means to say that Willy represents every other salesman in the country trying to realize his dream without understanding the dangers that were obstructing him from doing so, and all of them together make up the entire concrete and commercial jungle where they are trying their best to understand their material capacities. The only place where

GOOGLE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

GOOGLE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT - Essay Example But in line with this selection, a comprehensive tool vested in the use of a VIRO analysis is implemented in critically evaluating the credibility of the selected option for the company. The VIRO analysis will be simplified in a manner that takes four major independent variables, which are tested against four other dependent variables. The independent variables are given as financial resources, human resources, material resources, and nonmaterial resources. Each of these will be tested against value, rareness, imitability, and organization in place at Google Inc. The cost Leadership Option Generally, the cost leadership option is in place to ensure that the company gains competitive advantage by taking consumers away from competitors and bringing them to the side of Google Inc. To effectively do this, there are two major approaches for the company to follow. In the first instance, there is the need to increase market share by reducing prices (Horkheimer and Theodor, 2007). This may s ound as an irony as a pair of objectives that cannot be achieved hand in hand. But from a very technical viewpoint, it is possible to both reduce prices and increase market share by using the cost leadership option (Lessig, 2009). ... This is because it has already been established that when there is increase in revenue, there must be a corresponding reduction in expenditure to make profitability possible. Meanwhile, the cost of production accounts for one of the highest sources of expenditure for most companies, of which Google Inc. is not exception (Barthes, 2008). Since 2004, Google’s cost of production has been said to be going up steadily especially as the company started engaging in a number of divestitures that are aimed at increasing the revenue pool of the company. To effectively use the cost leadership option, the company must be prepared to focus attention on the need to reduce most of its identified cost, especially internal costs that bring about cost sharing situations (Althusser, 2011). This way, it will be possible to produce goods and services at a much reduced cost, which will ensure that even if prices are charged at all-time low, market share will not be affected. Using VIRO Analysis to analyze the Cost Leadership Option Having identified the cost leadership option as the most viable option for Google, this section of the paper uses the VIRO analysis to critically break the option down into four major business constituents of Google Inc. these four constituents are financial resources, material resources, nonmaterial resources and human resources. Each of these four constituents shall be analysed using the four acronyms of VIRO, which are value, imitation, rareness and organisation. Financial Resources As far as the value of Google’s financial resources are concerned, one major question is posed. This is the question of how expensive the financial resource is (Gramsci, 2007). It would be established that Google is one of the most fortunate global IT companies that has a

Animal Rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Animal Rights - Research Paper Example Studies suggest that, in the last century or so, almost every medical breakthrough that is relevant to both the animal and human world has had significant contributions from animal research. Such breakthroughs range from antibiotics, chemotherapy, blood transfusions, and organ transplants among others (Jessen). These experiments have contributed significantly towards the quality and length of human life by handling some of the most difficult moments in human life known as disease and health conditions and complications. The above is due to the potential use of animal research in treating heart diseases and cancer, where it has contributed by bringing chemotherapy as an option in controlling and getting rid of cancer in humans and some animals. Due to animal testing and research, there are numerous lives saved from pain and loss since the research conducted provides an avenue to clear any anguish caused by disease. In addition, research on animals allows humans to come up with new vaccines or means of preventing diseases and some conditions that cannot be handled through any other means. This is especially so for the military, where animal research allows them to protect themselves from infection with malaria, Japanese encephalitis and Ross River fever (McGregor). The use of animal research, therefore, implies that without animal research, it would be virtually impossible beat the spread of some of these diseases or even receive treatment for them. In addition to health, animal research has allowed humans to wipe out some of the suffering that humans face across the world. This is following the use of animals in experiments, where humans are not used to find cures for painful diseases and conditions such as arthritis. This ensures that humans do not have to go through the same pain when suffering from the condition. As such, animal research

Effect of Internet on Fraud and Identity Theft Essay

Effect of Internet on Fraud and Identity Theft - Essay Example The number of adult Americans with Internet access was expected to increase from about 88 million in mid-2000 to more than 104 million at the end of 2004. (Claburn, 2004)The Census Bureau of the Department of Commerce approximated that in the fourth quarter of 2000, online retail sales amounted to $8.686 billion, a boost of 67.1 per hundred from the 4th quarter of 1999. (Haeberle, 2004) Total e-commerce sales for 2000 were an approximated $25.8 billion, accounting for 0.8 percent of all sales. Bankers, for instance, who conduct online banking transactions are particularly vulnerable to fraud and identity theft (Sullins, 2006). Unfortunately, but not unexpectedly, the rise in e-commerce has become fertile ground for fraud, resulting in a loss of billions of dollars yearly worldwide (Bolton & Hand, 2002). Apparently, the fraudsters are quick to realize the potential of a new technology or system to propagate deception and identity theft, and early on exploit it to their benefit. Long-distance telemarketing became the channel of such criminal activity when it was first introduced in the 1970s. So too the pay-per-call service when it became accessible in the late 1980s. Internet technology is the newest attraction for opportunistic fraudsters who take advantage of it for personal gain. The problems facing law enforcers is the rapidly evolving techniques used by the fraudsters (Acoca, 2008). The rapid increase in the number of complaints associated with online deception and fraud bears this out: in 1997, the Commission obtained less than 1,000 Internet deception complaints; the following year, the number had expanded eight-fold. Although most Internet deceptions arise from customary scams, the variety of techniques ingeniously devised to exploit the new technology is quickly proliferating.